La C.E.E : un modele juridique pour une plus grande integration economique en Afrique australe. Volume 1-2

The purpose of this thesis is to answer the following question : Ii the E.E.C. in fact a legal model for greater economic integration in Southern Africa? Part One of the thesis provides a description of the organization of the E.E.C After a brief historical introduction, Section One analyses the Community's main institutions : their composition, their function, and their decision-making mechanisms. The different legal instruments of Community law, the relationship between this law and traditional international law on the one hand and the national law of the member states on the other, the interaction between the Council, the Commission and the European Parliament as well as the financing of the organization are also considered in some detail. Section Two examines some of its most important spheres of activity, namely, free movement of goods, free movement of persons, freedom to provide services, free movement of capital, the rules on competition, regional policy, fiscal harmonization and V.A.T., legal equalization processes and transport. A definition of the internal market and an account of other innovations introduced by the Single European Act in the field of the organization's activities concludes this section on the E.E.C Part Two deals with the principal organizations of economic cooperation in Africa, of which South Africa is not a member, and examines to what extent the African continent has been influenced by this European experience. After a short historical account leading to the existence of these African organizations, each kind of institution in these different organizations is dealt with separately in Section One, particular attention being given to their composition, their functions, and their different legal instruments. This is followed by a study of the law of these organizations and to what extent it differs from the traditional international law, as well as the interaction between the different institutions and the financing of these organizations. Section Two examines the main fields of activity of the organizations studied in this Part, namely, the suppression of customs duties, the common customs tariff, the removal of technical barriers to trade, free movement of persons, freedom to provide services, free movement of capital, transport and communication, natural resources, social and cultural matters, regional policies, industrial development, and other fields of activity. Part Three is divided into three chapters. The first one is the study of the principal instruments of multilateral economic cooperation to which South Africa belongs, that is, the Southern African Customs Union, and Monetary Area and the Economic Community of Southern Africa. The second Chapter presents general comparisons between the institutional structure of the organizations, their fields of activity, as well as the supranationalism which they could eventually enjoy. Finally, the third Chapter consists of conclusions which .are of a more personal note, that is to say, a presentation of an original system based on the study made in this thesis, particularly of the E.E.C., a system which, in my opinion, could be applied to the internal law in South Africa and at the same time could offer a model of economic and political integration in Southern Africa

Airborne forward pointing UV Rayleigh lidar for remote clear air turbulence (CAT) detection: system design and performance

A high-performance airborne UV Rayleigh lidar system was developed within the European project DELICAT. With its forward-pointing architecture it aims at demonstrating a novel detection scheme for clear air turbulence (CAT) for an aeronautics safety application. Due to its occurrence in clear and clean air at high altitudes (aviation cruise flight level), this type of turbulence evades microwave radar techniques and in most cases coherent Doppler lidar techniques. The present lidar detection technique relies on air density fluctuations measurement and is thus independent of backscatter from hydrometeors and aerosol particles. The subtle air density fluctuations caused by the turbulent air flow demand exceptionally high stability of the setup and in particular of the detection system. This paper describes an airborne test system for the purpose of demonstrating this technology and turbulence detection method: a high-power UV Rayleigh lidar system is installed on a research aircraft in a forward-looking configuration for use in cruise flight altitudes. Flight test measurements demonstrate this unique lidar system being able to resolve air density fluctuations occurring in light-to-moderate CAT at 5 km or moderate CAT at 10 km distance. A scaling of the determined stability and noise characteristics shows that such performance is adequate for an application in commercial air transport.Comment: 17 pages, 19 figures. Pre-publish to Applied Optics (OSA

Aeronautics Application of Direct-Detection Doppler Wind Lidar: An Adapted Design Based on a Fringe-Imaging Michelson Interferometer as Spectral Analyzer

We report on the development of a novel direct-detection Doppler wind lidar (DD-DWL) within the strong requirements of an aeronautic feed-forward control application for gust load alleviation (GLA). This DD-DWL is based on fringe imaging of the Doppler-shifted backscatter of ultraviolet laser pulses in a field-widened Michelson interferometer (FW-FIMI) using a fast linear photodetector. The double approach of detailed simulation and demonstrator development is validated by field measurements with reference wind sensing instrumentation. These experiments allow us to establish wind determination precision at a high repeat rate, short range resolution and close distance of approximately 0.5 m/s, which is in accordance with the dedicated simulations. These findings lead us to the conclusion that this FW-FIMI-based Doppler wind lidar is a pertinent development meeting the special requirements of this aeronautics application. Second, the developed simulators are well suited (given their validation) to be used in the overall and full analysis as well as the optimization of the lidar-based GLA control scheme

Parameter Analysis of a Doppler Lidar Sensor For Gust Detection and Load Alleviation

This paper analyzes the performance of Doppler lidar sensors for gust detection and load alleviation purposes w.r.t. selected parameters of the lidar system and the wind reconstruction algorithm. The presented sensitivity studies are the first part of a larger investigation focused on identifying ideal lidar sensor configurations for gust load alleviation. This first study consists of two parts: in the first part, the effect of the measurement geometry is investigated by varying the scan angle, the number of measurements per laser pulse, and the rotational speed of the sensor's line of sight. In the second part, the effect of wind reconstruction parameters is investigated by varying the power aperture product of the lidar and the smoothing parameters of the wind reconstruction process

The Raw Materials Summit 2019: connecting innovation in the Raw Materials Sector

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Principles for transformative ocean governance

With a focus on oceans, we collaborated across ecological, social and legal disciplines to respond to the United Nations call for transformation in the ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’. We developed a set of 13 principles that strategically and critically connect transformative ocean research to transformative ocean governance (complementing the UN Decade for Ocean Science). We used a rigorous, iterative and transparent consensus-building approach to define the principles, which can interact in supporting, neutral or sometimes conflicting ways. We recommend that the principles could be applied as a comprehensive set and discuss how to learn from their interactions, particularly those that reveal hidden tensions. The principles can bring and keep together partnerships for innovative ocean action. This action must respond to the many calls to reform current ocean-use practices which are based on economic growth models that have perpetuated inequities and fuelled conflict and environmental decline